Underground Movement Online Free ##VERIFIED##
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(Feb. 3, 2009)--None of his students -- and only one colleague -- in the UTSA Department of Mathematics were aware that Zbigniew Oziewicz, the quiet visiting professor from Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), helped organize an underground movement for Polish independence in 1982.
The movement that started with 10 members grew to 2,000. Fighting Solidarity soon spread across Poland and became a strong underground movement for independence. Oziewicz remained a member of the SW governing council.
After the roundtable discussions between the communist government and the opposition, Solidarity leaders had only two months (from mid-April to mid-June 1989) to prepare for the first open and free election in Poland since 1946. It was the self-organizing experience gained during the underground civil resistance, the well-developed underground press (already legal by that time), and the extensive network of volunteers that gave Solidarity an important advantage over the communists in that election. Solidarity ran a breathtaking campaign and eventually won all but one (taken by an independent candidate) contested seats in the pacted elections in June 1989.
This conflict summary was commissioned by the International Center on Nonviolent Conflict (ICNC). We are an educational organization dedicated to developing and sharing knowledge related to nonviolent civil resistance movements for human rights, freedom, and justice around the world. Learn more about our work here.
To support scholars and educators who are designing curricula and teaching this subject, we also offer an Academic Online Curriculum (AOC), which is a free, extensive, and regularly updated online resource with over 40 different modules on civil resistance topics and case studies.
Ólafur Elíasson, Sometimes an underground movement is an illuminated bridge, 2020, light installation, the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Museum commission funded by the Caroline Wiess Law Accessions Endowment Fund. © Ólafur Elíasson
In general, when discussing the actions of the Resistance, and particularly the Jewish underground movements, it is difficult to distinguish between rescue actions and resistance operations. Unlike Eastern Europe, where the underground movements were usually separated between rescue and resistance, with a few exceptions (such as the family camp of the Bielsky brothers), the perception of Jewish resistance in France was different. The Jewish underground groups worked first of all to rescue Jews, based on the approach that Jewish resistance should first and foremost defend Jewish lives. With the exception of the Jewish Communists, whose operating orders came from Moscow and whose brave resistance actions were directed primarily against German targets, most of the Jewish groups in the Resistance acted to secure Jewish goals.
In 1940, David Knout, an immigrant from Eastern Europe, called for the establishment of a secret fighting organization to unite the Jews and prevent them from becoming the victims of mass murder; he also promoted the goal of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel. In January 1942, together with Lucien Lublin, another immigrant and refugee from Eastern Europe, he published the manifesto of the Jewish Army,11 which constituted a unique Jewish underground movement from the moment it was founded:12 2b1af7f3a8